The cylinder head studs are hardened steel. The cylinder block is cast iron, the cylinder head is cast aluminum. You make your own determinations, the engine was designed with studs by engineers designing engines. The mechanical engineers say that a stud holds better than a bolt. A bolt head onwerver is a part of the metal that forms the bolt.
The nut takes more than two times the force due to less area.
There is more force per square inch taken up on the nut thread area than than distributed across the threads into the block that is, assuming similar force on top and bottom parts of the stud (which is actually different because of the diagonal insertion into the block at the bottom), the bottom of the stud has a larger thread surface contact to spread out the force, the upper stud has less thread area by more than a 2.2:1 ratio bottom threads to top. There are 8 threads into the block on the stud fully inserted, but only 3.5 threads engaging the upper stud by the head nut. Expansion and contraction forces are not equal on the lower threads that penetrate into the block to the upper stud threads. On the Stag engine, the cylinder head studs are not perpendicular to the block, where the head bolts are perpendicular to the block. Technical Article: Cylinder Head Fastening
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